Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego successfully spawned three Sunflower Sea Stars in partnership with the Aquarium of the Pacific, Steinhart Aquarium at California Academy of Sciences, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance (SDZWA) and the Sunflower Star Laboratory, a monumental milestone in the recovery of these larger-than-life stars. This is the second time the aquarium has induced spawning on a Sunflower Star.
“Sunflower Stars are considered functionally extinct in our own state of California,” said Melissa Torres, Assistant Dive Safety Officer and Aquarist at Birch Aquarium. This species is also considered to be functionally extinct in Oregon. “Our collective goal is to save them from extinction,” continued Torres.
The aquarium is part of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Saving Animals From Extinction (SAFE) Sunflower Sea Star program alongside several zoos, aquariums and professionals from many backgrounds to help reestablish populations of Sunflower Stars on the West Coast. This conservation work is also part of a comprehensive multi-faceted, multi-partner “Roadmap to Recovery” to help accelerate the recovery of this species along the West Coast.
“It’s incredible to see the huge collaboration that has taken place over the past two years to bring awareness to the plight of the sunflower sea star,” said Jenifer Burney, Aquarium of the Pacific senior aquarist and co-chair of the AZA SAFE Sunflower Sea Star Program. “There is a massive team of scientists and educators working to try to save this species in the wild, and seeing how far we’ve come in such a short time gives me a lot of hope for the future.”
For nearly a decade, a mysterious Sea Star Wasting Disease has swept across the West Coast, causing a mass die-off of sea stars particularly in warming waters. It hit Sunflower Sea Stars the hardest, nearly driving them to extinction. This is a big deal as these pizza-sized stars play an essential role in the overall health of kelp forests. They keep sea urchin populations in check, safeguarding kelp forests from the adverse effects of overgrazing by sea urchins.
“It's wonderful to have so many AZA partners working together to help create a regional pathway to aid this species recovery,” said Ashley Kidd, conservation aquaculture project manager at Sunflower Star Laboratory.
In the wild, sea stars broadcast spawn, meaning the males and females freely release sperm and eggs into the ocean, where they mix and hopefully fertilize. This strategy relies more on chance encounters for fertilization, rather than direct mating. However, at Birch Aquarium, spawning is not necessarily left up to chance.
“Birch Aquarium can help this recovery effort by providing genetic diversity, exemplary animal care techniques and groundbreaking new protocols,” said Torres. The aquarium is home to five Sunflower Stars, one of the largest aquarium populations in California.
Melissa Torres from Birch Aquarium at Scripps helps prepare the spawn-inducing mixture in Birch Aquarium’s lab.
Riah Evin from Steinhart Aquarium at California Academy of Sciences helps prepare the spawn-inducing mixture in Birch Aquarium’s lab.
A Sunflower Sea Star is carefully administered a spawn-inducing hormone at Birch Aquarium. The goal is to collect genetic material as well as determine the sex of the sea star for future spawning efforts.
Melissa Torres from Birch Aquarium at Scripps and Margarita Upton from Steinhart Aquarium at California Academy of Sciences carefully administer a spawn-inducing hormone into a Sunflower Star at Birch Aquarium.
Behind the scenes, a concoction of spawn-inducing hormones was carefully prepared and administered into three Sunflower Stars at Birch Aquarium. Each mixture was made specifically for each star based on its weight. Then, the waiting game began. After a few hours, the stars assumed a downward dog-like pose on the tips of their arms and released sperm, determining that all were male.
The sex of three of Birch Aquarium’s Sunflower Stars was unknown until this spawning event — which is why the aquarium decided to induce these particular stars. Back in February the aquarium induced one sea star and determined it was female. Then in March, a different star naturally spawned and was sexed as male. Now, the aquarium can confidently confirm that four males and one female make up its population.
A Sunflower Sea Star spawns in its habitat at Birch Aquarium. Sea stars are broadcast spawners and males release sperm into the water via the gonads located on each arm.
Jenifer Burney from Aquarium of the Pacific and co-chair of the AZA SAFE Sunflower Sea Star Program holds up a sample collected from the male star.
Genetic material from three separate Sunflower Sea Stars was collected at Birch Aquarium.
These cells were quickly scooped up via delicate glass pipettes, deposited into individual vials and transferred to the aquarium’s lab where they were cryogenically frozen. These samples, once frozen, can be reanimated for future conservation and research efforts and will be shared to numerous organizations, including the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California.
“Partnerships are key to conservation efforts to recover the Sunflower Star, and the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance’s Reproductive Sciences team is honored to share its knowledge and resources to advance cryopreservation techniques for this species,” said Nicole Ravida, SDZWA Laboratory Manager in Reproductive Sciences.
SDZWA and collaborators at Friday Harbor Labs have already had success in Sunflower Star cryopreservation efforts. Recently, frozen Sunflower Star sperm was thawed and used to fertilize eggs resulting in larvae developing with an up to 90 percent success rate, according to Ravida.
“This is an exciting step forward for sea star recovery science and protecting genetic biodiversity,” she continued.
Moving forward, Birch Aquarium will continue to coordinate with its SAFE Sunflower Star program partners – including the Aquarium of the Pacific, Steinhart Aquarium, SDZWA and the Sunflower Star Laboratory – for future spawning efforts. The goal is to spawn the males to cross-fertilize with the females to increase the genetic diversity of Sunflower Star populations.
"Steinhart Aquarium is thrilled to collaborate with our colleagues across the state on such an important project. We each bring unique strengths and resources to the table, and only by combining our expertise can we make a meaningful impact on the restoration of this critically endangered animal," said Riah Evin, senior biologist, Steinhart Aquarium at California Academy of Sciences. Already well-known for its expertise in raising larval species, Steinhart Aquarium will focus on rearing larvae of this critically endangered star over the next year.
“We are hopeful that within the next five to ten years our coalition can work with California Fish and Wildlife to release animals raised in our facilities into the wild and re-establish local populations of Sunflower Stars, a critical component of restoring ecosystem equilibrium for kelp forests," continued Evin.
About Birch Aquarium at Scripps
Birch Aquarium at Scripps is the public exploration center for Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego. Perched on a bluff overlooking the Pacific Ocean, Birch Aquarium features the groundbreaking work of Scripps Oceanography and UC San Diego scientists as well as conservation breeding programs and interactive exhibits. Birch Aquarium’s mission is to connect understanding to protecting our ocean planet, which it achieves through engaging hands-on learning opportunities for more than 500,000 guests and 40,000-plus pre-K-12 students each year. Visit aquarium.ucsd.edu for more information.
